Digital Ethics and Online Harassment of Journalists: A Review of Gendered Violence, Safety, and Platform Responsibility

Abstract

The rapid expansion of digital communication technologies and social media platforms has transformed journalism by increasing access to information, audience engagement, and real-time reporting. However, these developments have also intensified online harassment targeting journalists, particularly women and marginalized media practitioners. This study reviews existing literature on digital ethics and online harassment of journalists, with a specific focus on gendered violence, safety concerns, and platform responsibility. The review examines the forms, patterns, and consequences of online abuse, including cyberbullying, threats, doxxing, sexual harassment, disinformation campaigns, and coordinated digital attacks. Findings indicate that female journalists disproportionately experience gender-based harassment that undermines professional credibility, psychological well-being, freedom of expression, and career progression. The study further explores the ethical implications of digital communication environments, emphasizing the tension between freedom of speech and the protection of journalists from harmful online conduct. The review also evaluates the role of digital platforms in moderating harmful content, enforcing community standards, and ensuring accountability through algorithmic transparency and policy implementation. Emerging debates surrounding artificial intelligence, automated moderation systems, digital surveillance, and data privacy are highlighted as critical dimensions shaping contemporary media safety. The study concludes that addressing online harassment requires collaborative approaches involving governments, media organizations, technology companies, civil society, and journalism institutions. Strengthening digital ethics frameworks, improving platform governance, enhancing legal protections, and promoting digital safety training are identified as essential strategies for safeguarding journalists and sustaining democratic communication in the digital age.