Application of Ceramic Membranes for the Removal of Heavy Metals and Dyes: Efficiency and Performance Review

Abstract

This study reviews the effectiveness of ceramic membranes in eliminating heavy metals and dyes from wastewater, focusing on their performance, material properties, and areas of application. Ceramic membranes are perfect for demanding industrial environments because of their strong mechanical strength, stability at high temperatures, and exceptional chemical resistance, especially when using ultrafiltration and nanofiltration technologies. Several critical factors that impact removal efficiency include the size of the membrane pores, the surface charge, the hydrophilic nature, and the overall structure. The studies examined range over the past twenty years, with a marked increase in publications anticipated between 2022 and 2025, indicating a heightened interest in sustainable and cost-effective membrane technologies. The review highlights the increasing use of low-cost, waste-derived materials such as rice husk, fly ash, sugarcane bagasse, and red mud in membrane production, contributing to cost reduction and environmental benefits. Hybrid systems that combine ceramic membranes with techniques like electrocoagulation, advanced oxidation, or distillation have achieved pollutant rejection rates frequently surpassing 95–99%. Nevertheless, the high costs associated with production and the limited practical application at full scale pose significant challenges. This review brings together technical insights, contrasts different membrane types, and evaluates trends and gaps, providing valuable perspectives for researchers and industry players looking to enhance water treatment technologies with effective ceramic membrane solutions.