Multi-Cloud Interoperability: Integrating Microsoft Azure with AWS and Google Cloud

As organizations increasingly distribute workloads across more than one public cloud provider to avoid vendor lock-in, meet regulatory requirements, or exploit provider-specific strengths, the technical and governance challenge of multi-cloud interoperability has become a central concern for enterprise cloud architecture. Microsoft Azure, Amazon Web Services (AWS), and Google Cloud Platform each expose distinct application programming interfaces, identity models, and infrastructure-as-code tooling, creating friction whenever an organization needs workloads, identities, or data to move consistently across these environments. This article examines how Azure can be integrated with AWS and Google Cloud to achieve practical multi-cloud interoperability. The article proposes a four-layer interoperability architecture spanning unified governance, identity federation, workload portability, and network connectivity, compares Azure's native multi-cloud tooling against equivalent AWS and Google Cloud capabilities, and maps common interoperability challenges to specific mitigation approaches grounded in the literature. The findings indicate that container-based workload portability and standardized identity federation protocols provide the most mature and broadly supported interoperability mechanisms across all three providers, while infrastructure-as-code and service-level-agreement normalization remain comparatively immature and require deliberate architectural investment. The article concludes with practical recommendations for organizations planning or operating a multi-cloud environment spanning Azure, AWS, and Google Cloud.