Energy Transition and Legal Challenges in Shifting from Fossil Fuels to Clean Energy: A United States Perspective

Abstract

The United States is undergoing a transformational shift from fossil fuel-dependent energy systems to renewable energy sources, presenting unprecedented legal, regulatory, and institutional challenges. This article examines the complex legal framework governing America's energy transition, analyzing regulatory barriers, transmission infrastructure challenges, and the evolving federal and state policy landscape. With renewable energy accounting for over 21% of U.S. electricity generation in 2023, the legal system must adapt to accommodate this rapid transformation while ensuring grid reliability, economic efficiency, and environmental protection. Through comprehensive analysis of recent regulatory reforms, including FERC Orders 1920 and 2023, and examination of transmission planning challenges, this research identifies critical legal impediments and opportunities for facilitating a sustainable energy transition.