Smart R&D Pathways and Export Competitiveness: A Comparative Analysis of Bangladesh and China's Pharmaceutical Industry

This study examines how smart research and development (R&D) financing can promote sustainable pharmaceutical export growth by comparing Bangladesh and China. Using descriptive statistical analysis and secondary data from 2020–2025, the study evaluates pharmaceutical exports, R&D expenditure, domestic credit to the private sector, and GDP growth. The findings show that China's strong performance is supported by sustained R&D investment, diversified financing mechanisms, and coordinated government policies that foster innovation and high-value pharmaceutical exports. In contrast, Bangladesh has achieved notable success in generic medicine production and export expansion but continues to face challenges, including low R&D investment, limited innovation financing, and weak industry–university collaboration. As Bangladesh prepares for post-LDC graduation, strengthening its innovation ecosystem through increased R&D funding, financial incentives, venture capital, and institutional reforms will be crucial for maintaining export competitiveness. The study concludes that adopting smart R&D financing strategies can help Bangladesh transition toward an innovation-driven pharmaceutical industry and achieve sustainable export growth.