Examining the Obstacles and Incentives for Consistent Aerobic Exercise among Adolescents: An In-depth Study of Personal, Social, and Environmental Influences from a Global Perspective

Abstract

Adolescent physical activity levels are alarmingly low, with only 15% meeting the recommended guidelines of 60 minutes daily. Understanding the complex barriers and motivators influencing exercise behavior is vital for designing effective interventions. This study examined individual, social, and environmental factors affecting aerobic activity among diverse adolescents aged 12-17, through analysis of recent systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and empirical studies from 2019-2024. Utilizing frameworks like Self Determination Theory and socio-ecological models, findings identified five key themes: individual factors (motivation, self-efficacy, body image), social influences (family, peers, teachers), activity nature (enjoyment, autonomy), life constraints (time, competing activities), and environmental aspects (facility access, safety, cost). Gender differences were notable; females faced higher body image concerns and self-efficacy barriers, while males generally participated more across demographics. Screen time was inversely related to activity levels. The study underscores that adolescent exercise behavior results from a multi-level system of influences, necessitating interventions that target psychological, social, and environmental factors. Tailored, multi-component strategies, especially school-based programs emphasizing autonomy and positive experiences, along with policies to improve facility access and safety,are essential to promote active lifestyles among youth.