Smallpox in Yorubaland: The Role of Indigenous Vaccinators, 1925-1955

Abstract

Smallpox virus is the most lethal pathogen known to mankind. It has annihilated millions of lives for many centuries, thereby shaping kingdoms, culture, and economies. Fortunately, the WHO eliminated the scourge globally in 1980 via widespread vaccination efforts. However, there were many impediments to smallpox campaigns before its final eradication in many local populations. In this light, we examine the role of Indigenous vaccinators in Yorubaland between 1925 and 1955. By deploying relevant annual colonial medical records, we discovered that some Indigenous vaccines in Yorubaland used an aggressive approach in their conduct. This, in turn, determined public response. Thus, we argue that the unprofessional conduct of some local vaccinators partly undermined the reliability of vaccination data, which shaped outcomes during the era. This historical article illustrates the connections between vaccinations and vaccinators in the context of epidemic disease management and prophylaxis. This work could be invaluable in evaluating post-modern vaccination procedures and processes to improve efficient and effective disease management and prevention.